Water source heat pumps operate by utilizing the stable temperature of shallow water sources such as groundwater, rivers, lakes, and even seawater within 1,000 meters in depth. These water bodies absorb solar energy and maintain a relatively constant temperature throughout the year. The core principle of a water source heat pump is to transfer heat from a building to the water source during summer, taking advantage of the lower water temperature to efficiently remove heat. In winter, the system extracts heat from the water source and transfers it to the building using a heat pump cycle. A typical water source heat pump uses just 1 kW of electricity to provide over 4 kW of heating or cooling, making it highly efficient.
These systems can be classified into two main types: closed-loop and open-loop systems. A closed-loop system circulates water through a series of buried coils in soil, lakes, or oceans, exchanging heat with the surrounding environment. When the system is installed directly in the ground, it's known as a ground-source heat pump. Open-loop systems, on the other hand, draw water directly from a well or surface water source, pass it through a heat exchanger, and then return it to the environment.
In both heating and cooling modes, water serves as the medium for heat transfer. The system switches between heating and cooling by reversing the refrigerant flow, often using a three-way valve to manage the water circuit. Although some systems may allow direct water entry into the evaporator or condenser, others use an indirect heat exchanger to prevent contamination, especially when dealing with treated water. Alternatively, a closed-loop condenser water system may be used for better control and efficiency.
To function effectively, the water must maintain a temperature between 7°C and 30°C, and there must be an adequate supply. Water sources can include surface water, groundwater, wastewater, or even industrial waste heat. Extracting water is typically done via wells, which provide a consistent flow of groundwater for use as a heat exchange medium.
During winter, groundwater acts as a heat source, entering the heat pump at around 7°C, absorbing heat, and exiting at about 3°C before returning underground. As it seeps back, it absorbs more heat from the ground, maintaining a continuous cycle that allows the system to provide heated water up to 55°C—ideal for air conditioning and floor heating. In summer, the process reverses, using cooler groundwater (around 14–18°C) to enhance cooling efficiency compared to traditional cooling towers, which usually operate at 30–40°C. This results in significant energy savings.
During transition seasons, groundwater can be used directly as a refrigerant, reducing the need for active unit operation and saving energy.
Water source heat pumps offer numerous benefits, including environmental friendliness, high efficiency, energy savings, versatility, multi-functionality, automation, no pollution, and reliability. They eliminate the need for combustion, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and can be used in a wide range of applications, from residential to industrial settings. Their stable operation, low maintenance, and long lifespan make them a sustainable and cost-effective choice for heating and cooling.
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