Introduction and Prospect Analysis of Introducing Used Chemical Plants in China
In the current adjustment of the world economic structure, some traditional industries in Europe and the United States and other developed countries are gradually losing their competitive advantages in the global market, showing a gradual shift from strategic shifts to emerging manufacturing centers such as China and India. This worldwide trend of industrial transfer has been fully reflected in the chemical industry. In recent years, several sets of chemical plants in Europe, America, and other countries have been shut down, stopped, merged, and transferred, while China and India have introduced a large number of used chemical plants in the same period. This is an obvious example. This article briefly describes the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China, and analyzes the problems and prospects that China should pay attention to in the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in order to trigger the thinking of peers and relevant decision-making departments and take appropriate countermeasures.
1. The History and Status Quo of the Introduction of Used Chemical Plants in China
Shanghai Tianyuan Electrochemical Plant (predecessor of Shanghai Tianyuan Chemical Plant) was the first chlor-alkali plant in China to introduce second-hand chemical plants. In 1929, Mr. Wu Yunchu, the founder of the plant and Mr. Wu Yunchu, a senior in the chemical industry in China, invested 80,000 yuan to purchase the used equipment for the production of hydrochloric acid by French Far East Chemical Company in Haiphong, Vietnam; in order to ensure the normal production of the factory, he also used 10,000 silver dollars. Remuneration to hire the company's French engineer Benna responsible for the shipment, installation, commissioning work. Since the official start of production in 1930, the Taiji brand hydrochloric acid and caustic soda produced by the Tianyuan Electrochemical Plant have sprung up in the Shanghai market, breaking the monopoly of China's IBC companies in the Chinese alkali industry market.
In the early years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to the economic blockade of western countries led by the United States, some large-scale chemical projects could only be built with the aid of the then Soviet Union, and a small amount of used chemical equipment was introduced from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Until the 1970s, it was very difficult for China to import from the Western developed countries the chemical installations and technologies that were so badly needed at the time, especially the introduction of fine chemical plants. Not only were the prices high, they were often restricted and refused sales. After implementing the policy of reform and opening up in China, the western countries have gradually loosened their technological blockade against China. China also introduced a number of chemical plants represented by fertilizers and ethylene. China's chemical industry has begun to flourish, and the output and quality of many chemical products have taken the lead in the world. In the past ten years, due to industrial layout and strategic adjustments, Europe and the United States have a large number of chemical plants that are idle and can be used as secondary equipment and supporting process technologies to transfer to China. China has also introduced some second-hand chemical installations one after another.
The following is a brief introduction on the introduction of some second-hand chemical plants in China in recent years.
1.1 Used Ammonia and Urea Production Plant
Early in the fertilizer industry there was a saying: Second-hand fertilizers did not dare to touch. At that time, the industry was suspicious of imported second-hand fertilizer plants and could not accept it. Until the 1980s and 1990s, Chongqing and Shaanxi imported a set of second-hand equipment for synthetic ammonia from Canada, and Yuntianhua used 300,000 tons of synthetic ammonia and 500,000 tons of urea from Mexico. This technology is very successful in the digestion and use of technology. It only broke the doubts of many people in the industry for many years. Imported second-hand ammonia plants are now widely accepted in China, and many successful cases of the introduction of used ammonia plants have emerged. Such as: a set of second-hand synthetic ammonia plant introduced from Taiwan in Liuzhou, Guangxi; a second-hand synthetic ammonia plant with 907 tons of Nissan, natural gas as raw material imported from Canada; and a used urea plant with 1,500 tons of Nissan imported from Mexico; Benxi Liaoning introduced from South Africa 300,000 tons of used ammonia plants and 360,000 tons of used urea plants; used equipment of 400,000 tons of synthetic ammonia and 700,000 tons of large-particle urea imported by DuPont from Ningxia; the second-hand equipment purchased by Lutianhua is being constructed.
The introduction of used ammonia and urea plants in China is more than half the cost of new installations. This is also one of the main reasons why at least five sets of used ammonia and urea plants are still under negotiation.
1.2 Used Nitric Acid Production Plant
Since 1991, the Kunming People’s Liberation Army Fertilizer Plant first introduced used nitric acid equipment from abroad. So far, China has introduced nearly 20 sets of used nitric acid equipment, such as Jiangsu Huaihua, Shandong Huayang, and other used equipment imported from Europe. The production capacity of these used nitric acid production facilities is mostly 30,000 to 200,000 tons, and the production process is relatively advanced. There are unique features in the equipment configuration. After the reform trial, it can be adapted to the actual conditions of the plant, resulting in significant benefits. At present, the import of used nitric acid devices has become one of the most sought-after used devices on the domestic market. Some domestic companies have introduced second or even more used nitric acid equipment after they have tasted the sweetness of the initial introduction.
1.3 Used methanol production plant
In recent years, the downstream products of methanol have developed rapidly in our country. In particular, with the adjustment of China's energy strategy, methanol gasoline as a potential alternative fuel for automobiles will have very broad development prospects. In addition, the adjustment of the natural gas methanol industry structure in the world also brings good opportunities for methanol production in China. Therefore, there are many methanol production projects in the country that are brewing or have already started. According to the author's investigation and analysis, at present, the total capacity of the methanol project that is currently under pre-project work in China has exceeded 3 million tons/year. The production capacity of methanol production facilities built according to domestic technologies is generally limited to a maximum of 200,000 tons. The technology of large-scale production facilities with 40 to 600,000 tons needs to be imported from abroad. Investment in a new plant with a capacity of 600,000 tons generally requires an investment of 1.5 to 1.6 billion yuan; while the investment in the introduction of a used methanol plant with a capacity of 40 to 600,000 tons abroad is only about half of the investment in new facilities. At present, there are ten sets of second-hand methanol production facilities that have been or will be introduced in China. Yihua Chemical successively introduced three sets of methanol second-hand production facilities with production capacities of 400,000 tons, 300,000 tons and 150,000 tons respectively from Japan. The total production capacity reached 850,000 tons, and it is currently operating well.
1.4 Other second-hand production facilities for fine chemicals and chemical intermediates
In addition to the above three chemical installations, there are many other introductions of fine chemical and chemical intermediate used production facilities that are gradually being introduced. Some imported projects have been made in China in the past few years, and they have been unwilling to be transferred from abroad. They have made great progress in recent years. For example, in MDI devices, China had spent a lot of effort in negotiating with foreign companies to negotiate the introduction of the project in the 1980-90 period. None of them succeeded; nowadays, foreign industries are required to be adjusted, and some MDI devices are forced to shut down. The good timing of the device. The increase in the quality of some products in China and the increase in the international market share is due to the timely introduction of second-hand production facilities by production companies. For example, in the domestic synthetic vitamin E industry, after the introduction of used equipment and supporting production technologies, the synthetic VE content has increased from 98% to 99.6% and it has rapidly occupied the international special export market.
2. Advantages of Introducing Used Chemical Plants in China
The reason why the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China is currently on the rise, the author's analysis is mainly due to the following five advantages:
2.1 Save construction time and shorten construction period
As the second-hand chemical plant is a ready-made device, the seller has ready experience for reference, and some also allow the buyer to visit the device in advance to observe and observe, so the project has a very clear overall concept and specific outline in the early brewing; once the project is established, The disassembly and shipment of the device can be carried out at the same time as the preliminary study of the project, thus greatly saving the construction time. According to past experience, the disassembly and assembly of large-scale used chemical plants can generally be completed within 2 to 3 months. It takes approximately 1 month to arrive in China from Europe and the United States. Installation and commissioning can be completed within a few months to one year depending on the specific conditions. This will greatly shorten the construction period compared to the new chemical project, and it will have the advantage of being quick and effective.
2.2 Saving Construction Investment
Investment in second-hand chemical plants is generally more than half of the investment in new construction of chemical plants. For example: At present, China's new ammonia plant investment is about 4,000 yuan / ton, the new urea investment cost is 3,200 yuan / ton; the introduction of second-hand synthetic ammonia investment cost is only 1600 yuan / ton (Sinopec Ningxia chemical plant statistics), used urea The investment cost of the device is 1,530 yuan/ton. Two sets of synthetic ammonia production lines with a value of US$25 million and an annual output of 60,000 tons in one Canadian factory were imported into Chongqing and Shaanxi Provinces in China in the 1990s with low prices of millions of dollars respectively. The introduction of companies saved investment by nearly 10 times. .
2.3 Obtaining advanced equipment and equipment
In general, used equipment in developed countries can represent the world's advanced level at the time of production suspension. The advanced nature of these devices is not only reflected in the selection of equipment, production processes, materials and instrument control, but also reflected in some advanced concepts and design ideas, which is very worthy of domestic counterparts to learn and absorb.
The author once visited a set of hydrocyanic acid units that have been put into production for 12 years in the United States and found that their reactors are clean and clean and their operation is in good condition. The new reactors of the same type in the country need to be replaced within 5 years of use. Very large.
Chongqing Minfeng Agrochemical Co., Ltd. introduced an annual output of 20,000 tons of red hafnium sodium and sodium chromate from Baltimore, USA. The project has been put into production for four years, not only effectively solved the problem of hexavalent chromium pollution, but also produced first-rate products of US standards according to the original design capabilities. Its products are sold well both at home and abroad. This old, difficult-to-find enterprise also successfully listed on the market and stood out among its domestic counterparts. This shows that the appropriate introduction of reliable second-hand devices from developed countries is indeed a short-cut for Chinese enterprises to acquire advanced production equipment, and can play a more rapid role.
2.4 Obtaining Supporting Production Process and Operation Technology
The introduction of foreign second-hand chemical installations will also have an additional benefit, which is to obtain supporting production processes and operating techniques. When foreign used equipment is transferred, it will generally provide detailed technical information, including production processes, operating techniques, operating records, and even some patented technologies. Such as the penicillin project, before the introduction of foreign second-hand equipment in China, the production scale is very small; after the introduction of penicillin used equipment, China quickly digest technology, expand production scale, greatly increase the share of the world market, production companies also get a good profit , and enhance their own international image.
2.5 Rapidly enhance the status of enterprises in the world
Some foreign second-hand chemical installations may be one of the largest production facilities in the world. In addition to years of operation, they have accumulated comprehensive market information, and have a mature international market and customer base. Once the domestic counterparts have been introduced, they will be able to quickly bring their production capacity and process technology to the top level in the world and become the leader in the industry. If they can successfully graft their international markets and customer groups together with the device technology, then they should be introduced. Second-hand equipment companies will soon take a leading position in the international market for this product. The above-mentioned case of introducing a penicillin used device is an example.
3. Problems to be Noted When Introducing Used Chemical Plants
Although there are many advantages in the introduction of second-hand chemical installations, I believe that the following issues should still be noted:
3.1 Pay attention to early full assessment and demonstration
Before making the decision to introduce a used chemical plant, the buyer should first organize an expert or commission a professional organization to conduct a thorough and careful inspection and assessment of the used equipment to determine whether the equipment is reliable in terms of equipment and technology and whether it is reasonable in pricing. Whether it can be used for me and create expected benefits. The facts show that as long as the domestic buyer companies have mastered the information in advance, do a good job in the bottom-up work, carry out adequate argumentation and evaluation, and truly plan and then move, it is entirely possible and feasible to successfully introduce the second-hand chemical plant.
3.2 Pay attention to the construction period and service life
The original construction time of second-hand chemical installations introduced in recent years in China was mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, and a few of them were in the 1990s. Therefore, there are problems with aging equipment at different levels. The problem that needs attention here is that the construction period of the device is important, but it is more important to look at the time when the device is stopped. If it is a recent suspension of production, it proves that the device must have a certain market competitiveness; generally speaking, during the service period, the device will undergo many transformations and upgrades, which can reflect the state of advanced technology at the time of production suspension. For the construction period and service life of used equipment, the introduction unit must obtain on-site inspections and inspections to obtain first-hand information. After a professional analysis and evaluation, reasonable judgments can be made.
3.3 Note the use of appropriate introduction channels
The operating market for foreign used equipment is relatively mature. There are specialized second-hand equipment operators and corresponding engineering companies responsible for demolition, assembly, and transportation, forming a complete set of second-hand equipment sales service system. Generally, it is necessary to find a second-hand device operating company with reliable reputation and strong support to help contact us.
Some domestic companies often think that buying second-hand devices directly from the owners' hands may be cheaper, eliminating the profits of middlemen. Actually, there are two main reasons. First, the international second-hand device business market has a very detailed division of labor. The owner has a second-hand device that needs to be handled and will naturally contact the familiar second-hand device operator. This has become habitual. Second, even if the buyer can directly contact the owner of the second-hand device, both parties will be worried because they do not understand the situation of the other party. In particular, the buyer will be very vulnerable to the transfer of property rights and installations because they are not familiar with local laws and regulations. Links involved in legal disputes. Once a legal dispute arises, it is not worth it to both the buyer and the seller.
3.4 Pay attention to the price terms and scope of supply of used equipment
The buyer and the seller should specify the specific price clause in the contract. In general, sellers want to sell existing devices at local prices. The so-called land price, performance or condition of the indicator's device is based on (as it where is), unless otherwise specified, the seller makes no representations or warranties, and expressly refuses to provide any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. . Trading companies, intermediaries and buyers should be very clear about this. Otherwise, buyers and sellers will diverge when implementing the contract. In addition, it is also prone to disputes in the scope of supply. Domestic companies must be very clear before signing a contract for the purchase of second-hand equipment, and they must agree with the seller to reach a consensus to avoid such disputes.
3.5 Attention to Possible Problems in the Unpacking and Transportation of Used Equipment
The price and contractual arrangements for the dismantling, packaging, and transportation of used equipment (abbreviated as unpacking and transportation) will directly affect the negotiation and implementation of the contract for the import of used equipment. Units that introduce second-hand equipment should put the work of signing the unpacking and transportation contract on the first place, arrange each of them in detail as much as possible, and entrust professional and reliable disassembly and assembly engineering companies and transportation companies to take care of them separately to avoid There was a problem in the cost, time, and linking of various links in the unpacking and transportation, which affected the budget and progress of the entire project. According to the laws of Europe and the United States and other countries, the use of local labor is required for the dismantling of local used equipment. China can only send its own professionals to assist and supervise the dismantlement so that it can be shipped back to China and can be successfully installed again.
3.6 A standardized audit shall be conducted throughout the entire process of introducing the project. The scope of the audit includes: basic standards, process standards, equipment design and manufacturing standards, environmental protection standards, safety and occupational health standards, transportation standards, installation and commissioning standards, etc.
4. Introduction of important second-hand chemical installations currently available for introduction
At present, there are many second-hand chemical plants available for sale in the international market. Many of them are worth introducing. The partial device names are as follows:
4.1 Used Inorganic Chemical Devices
Aluminum sulphate, ammonia, bromine, caustic soda, chlorine, electrolytic manganese dioxide, hydrogen (complete), industrial gas, helium/niobium, nitric and nitric acid, salt purification, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfate, superphosphate , Zeolite (molecular sieve) synthesis of ammonia / urea, chloralkali, oxygen system, nitrogen, sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium cyanide and other devices.
4.2 Used Polymer Devices
There are ABS, acrylic fiber, high density polyethylene compound, polyester, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and other devices.
4.3 Used Organic and Fine Chemical Plants
There are melamine, dioctyl phthalate, dichloroethane, detergent powder, isophthalic acid, citric acid, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, dichloroaniline hydrogenation, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide , Choline chloride, ethoxylation, fatty acid distillation, fatty alcohols, methanol, ethanol (fermentation and synthesis), formaldehyde, oxo alcohols, phthalic anhydride, methylamine derivatives and other devices.
4.4 Second-hand medical and pharmaceutical intermediate devices
There are synthetic vitamin E, natural vitamin E, vitamin H, salicylic acid, vaccine production lines, multi-functional intermediates and pharmaceutical raw material production lines and other devices.
4.5 Other used equipment
There are edible oil solvent extraction, power station, cement, water treatment, pulp and paper, sugar, waste incineration systems and other devices.
5. Analysis of Prospects for the Introduction of Used Chemical Plants in China
From the history of the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China, the period of introduction of more used chemical installations is also a period of rapid development of China's chemical industry. It can be said that the introduction of second-hand chemical installations is closely related to the development of China's chemical industry. The author noticed that in the early days, the introduction of second-hand chemical plants in China was limited to the state-owned enterprises. In recent years, the introduction of second-hand chemical plants has mostly been reformed joint-stock companies and powerful private companies, and the number of imported products is increasing day by day. The changes in the introduction of the domestic second-hand chemical installations made the author think of the different circumstances in which our neighboring country, India, introduced second-hand chemical installations. India's chemical industry and China's chemical industry have a certain degree of homogeneity, but from the seventies and eighties of last century, even in recent years, regardless of the acceptance of the introduction of second-hand chemical plant, Or compare it with the quantity imported in the same period, India is better than China. The main reason for the author's analysis is that India is dominated by private companies, and most of the larger companies in China are state-owned enterprises; the management and decision-making mechanisms of private companies in India are easier to accept than the Chinese state-owned companies. Based on the above analysis, in recent years, with the transformation of domestic state-owned enterprises and the expansion of private enterprises, the breadth and depth of the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China is increasing, which is reasonable.
The author estimates that with the global allocation of chemical industry resources and the subsequent adjustment of the industrial layout, coupled with the increasing activity of domestic restructuring companies and private companies, China will accelerate the introduction of more in the next five to ten years. More used chemical equipment. The introduction of second-hand chemical plants will become an important and effective means and channel for China's chemical production process and equipment to reach the world's advanced level. By then, China's chemical products will occupy a more important position in the world's chemical products market, and some products even occupy the dominant position in the world market.
1. The History and Status Quo of the Introduction of Used Chemical Plants in China
Shanghai Tianyuan Electrochemical Plant (predecessor of Shanghai Tianyuan Chemical Plant) was the first chlor-alkali plant in China to introduce second-hand chemical plants. In 1929, Mr. Wu Yunchu, the founder of the plant and Mr. Wu Yunchu, a senior in the chemical industry in China, invested 80,000 yuan to purchase the used equipment for the production of hydrochloric acid by French Far East Chemical Company in Haiphong, Vietnam; in order to ensure the normal production of the factory, he also used 10,000 silver dollars. Remuneration to hire the company's French engineer Benna responsible for the shipment, installation, commissioning work. Since the official start of production in 1930, the Taiji brand hydrochloric acid and caustic soda produced by the Tianyuan Electrochemical Plant have sprung up in the Shanghai market, breaking the monopoly of China's IBC companies in the Chinese alkali industry market.
In the early years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to the economic blockade of western countries led by the United States, some large-scale chemical projects could only be built with the aid of the then Soviet Union, and a small amount of used chemical equipment was introduced from the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Until the 1970s, it was very difficult for China to import from the Western developed countries the chemical installations and technologies that were so badly needed at the time, especially the introduction of fine chemical plants. Not only were the prices high, they were often restricted and refused sales. After implementing the policy of reform and opening up in China, the western countries have gradually loosened their technological blockade against China. China also introduced a number of chemical plants represented by fertilizers and ethylene. China's chemical industry has begun to flourish, and the output and quality of many chemical products have taken the lead in the world. In the past ten years, due to industrial layout and strategic adjustments, Europe and the United States have a large number of chemical plants that are idle and can be used as secondary equipment and supporting process technologies to transfer to China. China has also introduced some second-hand chemical installations one after another.
The following is a brief introduction on the introduction of some second-hand chemical plants in China in recent years.
1.1 Used Ammonia and Urea Production Plant
Early in the fertilizer industry there was a saying: Second-hand fertilizers did not dare to touch. At that time, the industry was suspicious of imported second-hand fertilizer plants and could not accept it. Until the 1980s and 1990s, Chongqing and Shaanxi imported a set of second-hand equipment for synthetic ammonia from Canada, and Yuntianhua used 300,000 tons of synthetic ammonia and 500,000 tons of urea from Mexico. This technology is very successful in the digestion and use of technology. It only broke the doubts of many people in the industry for many years. Imported second-hand ammonia plants are now widely accepted in China, and many successful cases of the introduction of used ammonia plants have emerged. Such as: a set of second-hand synthetic ammonia plant introduced from Taiwan in Liuzhou, Guangxi; a second-hand synthetic ammonia plant with 907 tons of Nissan, natural gas as raw material imported from Canada; and a used urea plant with 1,500 tons of Nissan imported from Mexico; Benxi Liaoning introduced from South Africa 300,000 tons of used ammonia plants and 360,000 tons of used urea plants; used equipment of 400,000 tons of synthetic ammonia and 700,000 tons of large-particle urea imported by DuPont from Ningxia; the second-hand equipment purchased by Lutianhua is being constructed.
The introduction of used ammonia and urea plants in China is more than half the cost of new installations. This is also one of the main reasons why at least five sets of used ammonia and urea plants are still under negotiation.
1.2 Used Nitric Acid Production Plant
Since 1991, the Kunming People’s Liberation Army Fertilizer Plant first introduced used nitric acid equipment from abroad. So far, China has introduced nearly 20 sets of used nitric acid equipment, such as Jiangsu Huaihua, Shandong Huayang, and other used equipment imported from Europe. The production capacity of these used nitric acid production facilities is mostly 30,000 to 200,000 tons, and the production process is relatively advanced. There are unique features in the equipment configuration. After the reform trial, it can be adapted to the actual conditions of the plant, resulting in significant benefits. At present, the import of used nitric acid devices has become one of the most sought-after used devices on the domestic market. Some domestic companies have introduced second or even more used nitric acid equipment after they have tasted the sweetness of the initial introduction.
1.3 Used methanol production plant
In recent years, the downstream products of methanol have developed rapidly in our country. In particular, with the adjustment of China's energy strategy, methanol gasoline as a potential alternative fuel for automobiles will have very broad development prospects. In addition, the adjustment of the natural gas methanol industry structure in the world also brings good opportunities for methanol production in China. Therefore, there are many methanol production projects in the country that are brewing or have already started. According to the author's investigation and analysis, at present, the total capacity of the methanol project that is currently under pre-project work in China has exceeded 3 million tons/year. The production capacity of methanol production facilities built according to domestic technologies is generally limited to a maximum of 200,000 tons. The technology of large-scale production facilities with 40 to 600,000 tons needs to be imported from abroad. Investment in a new plant with a capacity of 600,000 tons generally requires an investment of 1.5 to 1.6 billion yuan; while the investment in the introduction of a used methanol plant with a capacity of 40 to 600,000 tons abroad is only about half of the investment in new facilities. At present, there are ten sets of second-hand methanol production facilities that have been or will be introduced in China. Yihua Chemical successively introduced three sets of methanol second-hand production facilities with production capacities of 400,000 tons, 300,000 tons and 150,000 tons respectively from Japan. The total production capacity reached 850,000 tons, and it is currently operating well.
1.4 Other second-hand production facilities for fine chemicals and chemical intermediates
In addition to the above three chemical installations, there are many other introductions of fine chemical and chemical intermediate used production facilities that are gradually being introduced. Some imported projects have been made in China in the past few years, and they have been unwilling to be transferred from abroad. They have made great progress in recent years. For example, in MDI devices, China had spent a lot of effort in negotiating with foreign companies to negotiate the introduction of the project in the 1980-90 period. None of them succeeded; nowadays, foreign industries are required to be adjusted, and some MDI devices are forced to shut down. The good timing of the device. The increase in the quality of some products in China and the increase in the international market share is due to the timely introduction of second-hand production facilities by production companies. For example, in the domestic synthetic vitamin E industry, after the introduction of used equipment and supporting production technologies, the synthetic VE content has increased from 98% to 99.6% and it has rapidly occupied the international special export market.
2. Advantages of Introducing Used Chemical Plants in China
The reason why the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China is currently on the rise, the author's analysis is mainly due to the following five advantages:
2.1 Save construction time and shorten construction period
As the second-hand chemical plant is a ready-made device, the seller has ready experience for reference, and some also allow the buyer to visit the device in advance to observe and observe, so the project has a very clear overall concept and specific outline in the early brewing; once the project is established, The disassembly and shipment of the device can be carried out at the same time as the preliminary study of the project, thus greatly saving the construction time. According to past experience, the disassembly and assembly of large-scale used chemical plants can generally be completed within 2 to 3 months. It takes approximately 1 month to arrive in China from Europe and the United States. Installation and commissioning can be completed within a few months to one year depending on the specific conditions. This will greatly shorten the construction period compared to the new chemical project, and it will have the advantage of being quick and effective.
2.2 Saving Construction Investment
Investment in second-hand chemical plants is generally more than half of the investment in new construction of chemical plants. For example: At present, China's new ammonia plant investment is about 4,000 yuan / ton, the new urea investment cost is 3,200 yuan / ton; the introduction of second-hand synthetic ammonia investment cost is only 1600 yuan / ton (Sinopec Ningxia chemical plant statistics), used urea The investment cost of the device is 1,530 yuan/ton. Two sets of synthetic ammonia production lines with a value of US$25 million and an annual output of 60,000 tons in one Canadian factory were imported into Chongqing and Shaanxi Provinces in China in the 1990s with low prices of millions of dollars respectively. The introduction of companies saved investment by nearly 10 times. .
2.3 Obtaining advanced equipment and equipment
In general, used equipment in developed countries can represent the world's advanced level at the time of production suspension. The advanced nature of these devices is not only reflected in the selection of equipment, production processes, materials and instrument control, but also reflected in some advanced concepts and design ideas, which is very worthy of domestic counterparts to learn and absorb.
The author once visited a set of hydrocyanic acid units that have been put into production for 12 years in the United States and found that their reactors are clean and clean and their operation is in good condition. The new reactors of the same type in the country need to be replaced within 5 years of use. Very large.
Chongqing Minfeng Agrochemical Co., Ltd. introduced an annual output of 20,000 tons of red hafnium sodium and sodium chromate from Baltimore, USA. The project has been put into production for four years, not only effectively solved the problem of hexavalent chromium pollution, but also produced first-rate products of US standards according to the original design capabilities. Its products are sold well both at home and abroad. This old, difficult-to-find enterprise also successfully listed on the market and stood out among its domestic counterparts. This shows that the appropriate introduction of reliable second-hand devices from developed countries is indeed a short-cut for Chinese enterprises to acquire advanced production equipment, and can play a more rapid role.
2.4 Obtaining Supporting Production Process and Operation Technology
The introduction of foreign second-hand chemical installations will also have an additional benefit, which is to obtain supporting production processes and operating techniques. When foreign used equipment is transferred, it will generally provide detailed technical information, including production processes, operating techniques, operating records, and even some patented technologies. Such as the penicillin project, before the introduction of foreign second-hand equipment in China, the production scale is very small; after the introduction of penicillin used equipment, China quickly digest technology, expand production scale, greatly increase the share of the world market, production companies also get a good profit , and enhance their own international image.
2.5 Rapidly enhance the status of enterprises in the world
Some foreign second-hand chemical installations may be one of the largest production facilities in the world. In addition to years of operation, they have accumulated comprehensive market information, and have a mature international market and customer base. Once the domestic counterparts have been introduced, they will be able to quickly bring their production capacity and process technology to the top level in the world and become the leader in the industry. If they can successfully graft their international markets and customer groups together with the device technology, then they should be introduced. Second-hand equipment companies will soon take a leading position in the international market for this product. The above-mentioned case of introducing a penicillin used device is an example.
3. Problems to be Noted When Introducing Used Chemical Plants
Although there are many advantages in the introduction of second-hand chemical installations, I believe that the following issues should still be noted:
3.1 Pay attention to early full assessment and demonstration
Before making the decision to introduce a used chemical plant, the buyer should first organize an expert or commission a professional organization to conduct a thorough and careful inspection and assessment of the used equipment to determine whether the equipment is reliable in terms of equipment and technology and whether it is reasonable in pricing. Whether it can be used for me and create expected benefits. The facts show that as long as the domestic buyer companies have mastered the information in advance, do a good job in the bottom-up work, carry out adequate argumentation and evaluation, and truly plan and then move, it is entirely possible and feasible to successfully introduce the second-hand chemical plant.
3.2 Pay attention to the construction period and service life
The original construction time of second-hand chemical installations introduced in recent years in China was mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, and a few of them were in the 1990s. Therefore, there are problems with aging equipment at different levels. The problem that needs attention here is that the construction period of the device is important, but it is more important to look at the time when the device is stopped. If it is a recent suspension of production, it proves that the device must have a certain market competitiveness; generally speaking, during the service period, the device will undergo many transformations and upgrades, which can reflect the state of advanced technology at the time of production suspension. For the construction period and service life of used equipment, the introduction unit must obtain on-site inspections and inspections to obtain first-hand information. After a professional analysis and evaluation, reasonable judgments can be made.
3.3 Note the use of appropriate introduction channels
The operating market for foreign used equipment is relatively mature. There are specialized second-hand equipment operators and corresponding engineering companies responsible for demolition, assembly, and transportation, forming a complete set of second-hand equipment sales service system. Generally, it is necessary to find a second-hand device operating company with reliable reputation and strong support to help contact us.
Some domestic companies often think that buying second-hand devices directly from the owners' hands may be cheaper, eliminating the profits of middlemen. Actually, there are two main reasons. First, the international second-hand device business market has a very detailed division of labor. The owner has a second-hand device that needs to be handled and will naturally contact the familiar second-hand device operator. This has become habitual. Second, even if the buyer can directly contact the owner of the second-hand device, both parties will be worried because they do not understand the situation of the other party. In particular, the buyer will be very vulnerable to the transfer of property rights and installations because they are not familiar with local laws and regulations. Links involved in legal disputes. Once a legal dispute arises, it is not worth it to both the buyer and the seller.
3.4 Pay attention to the price terms and scope of supply of used equipment
The buyer and the seller should specify the specific price clause in the contract. In general, sellers want to sell existing devices at local prices. The so-called land price, performance or condition of the indicator's device is based on (as it where is), unless otherwise specified, the seller makes no representations or warranties, and expressly refuses to provide any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. . Trading companies, intermediaries and buyers should be very clear about this. Otherwise, buyers and sellers will diverge when implementing the contract. In addition, it is also prone to disputes in the scope of supply. Domestic companies must be very clear before signing a contract for the purchase of second-hand equipment, and they must agree with the seller to reach a consensus to avoid such disputes.
3.5 Attention to Possible Problems in the Unpacking and Transportation of Used Equipment
The price and contractual arrangements for the dismantling, packaging, and transportation of used equipment (abbreviated as unpacking and transportation) will directly affect the negotiation and implementation of the contract for the import of used equipment. Units that introduce second-hand equipment should put the work of signing the unpacking and transportation contract on the first place, arrange each of them in detail as much as possible, and entrust professional and reliable disassembly and assembly engineering companies and transportation companies to take care of them separately to avoid There was a problem in the cost, time, and linking of various links in the unpacking and transportation, which affected the budget and progress of the entire project. According to the laws of Europe and the United States and other countries, the use of local labor is required for the dismantling of local used equipment. China can only send its own professionals to assist and supervise the dismantlement so that it can be shipped back to China and can be successfully installed again.
3.6 A standardized audit shall be conducted throughout the entire process of introducing the project. The scope of the audit includes: basic standards, process standards, equipment design and manufacturing standards, environmental protection standards, safety and occupational health standards, transportation standards, installation and commissioning standards, etc.
4. Introduction of important second-hand chemical installations currently available for introduction
At present, there are many second-hand chemical plants available for sale in the international market. Many of them are worth introducing. The partial device names are as follows:
4.1 Used Inorganic Chemical Devices
Aluminum sulphate, ammonia, bromine, caustic soda, chlorine, electrolytic manganese dioxide, hydrogen (complete), industrial gas, helium/niobium, nitric and nitric acid, salt purification, sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfate, superphosphate , Zeolite (molecular sieve) synthesis of ammonia / urea, chloralkali, oxygen system, nitrogen, sodium hydrogen sulfate, sodium cyanide and other devices.
4.2 Used Polymer Devices
There are ABS, acrylic fiber, high density polyethylene compound, polyester, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and other devices.
4.3 Used Organic and Fine Chemical Plants
There are melamine, dioctyl phthalate, dichloroethane, detergent powder, isophthalic acid, citric acid, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, dichloroaniline hydrogenation, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide , Choline chloride, ethoxylation, fatty acid distillation, fatty alcohols, methanol, ethanol (fermentation and synthesis), formaldehyde, oxo alcohols, phthalic anhydride, methylamine derivatives and other devices.
4.4 Second-hand medical and pharmaceutical intermediate devices
There are synthetic vitamin E, natural vitamin E, vitamin H, salicylic acid, vaccine production lines, multi-functional intermediates and pharmaceutical raw material production lines and other devices.
4.5 Other used equipment
There are edible oil solvent extraction, power station, cement, water treatment, pulp and paper, sugar, waste incineration systems and other devices.
5. Analysis of Prospects for the Introduction of Used Chemical Plants in China
From the history of the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China, the period of introduction of more used chemical installations is also a period of rapid development of China's chemical industry. It can be said that the introduction of second-hand chemical installations is closely related to the development of China's chemical industry. The author noticed that in the early days, the introduction of second-hand chemical plants in China was limited to the state-owned enterprises. In recent years, the introduction of second-hand chemical plants has mostly been reformed joint-stock companies and powerful private companies, and the number of imported products is increasing day by day. The changes in the introduction of the domestic second-hand chemical installations made the author think of the different circumstances in which our neighboring country, India, introduced second-hand chemical installations. India's chemical industry and China's chemical industry have a certain degree of homogeneity, but from the seventies and eighties of last century, even in recent years, regardless of the acceptance of the introduction of second-hand chemical plant, Or compare it with the quantity imported in the same period, India is better than China. The main reason for the author's analysis is that India is dominated by private companies, and most of the larger companies in China are state-owned enterprises; the management and decision-making mechanisms of private companies in India are easier to accept than the Chinese state-owned companies. Based on the above analysis, in recent years, with the transformation of domestic state-owned enterprises and the expansion of private enterprises, the breadth and depth of the introduction of second-hand chemical installations in China is increasing, which is reasonable.
The author estimates that with the global allocation of chemical industry resources and the subsequent adjustment of the industrial layout, coupled with the increasing activity of domestic restructuring companies and private companies, China will accelerate the introduction of more in the next five to ten years. More used chemical equipment. The introduction of second-hand chemical plants will become an important and effective means and channel for China's chemical production process and equipment to reach the world's advanced level. By then, China's chemical products will occupy a more important position in the world's chemical products market, and some products even occupy the dominant position in the world market.
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