Although China is a maritime power, it is not yet a marine power.

Is the 21st century known as the "Century of the Sea" and "China's Century"?

Since the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China's cumulative reclamation area has reached 536 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 16% of land used for conversion of agricultural land in coastal areas, and the annual output of marine aquatic products has reached more than 20 million tons. Half of the increase in oil production comes from the ocean. The daily desalination capacity of seawater has reached 240,000 tons, and the amount of seawater used for cooling has reached 50 billion cubic meters per year.

Of course, the current consensus on the reality of China’s marine economic development is that although China is a maritime power, it is not yet a maritime power.

1. Over-exploitation in the offshore areas

Considering that China has been a country that pays more attention to land development since ancient times, the scale of China’s marine economy is obviously not in line with the marine resources of China’s 18,000 km gold coastline. According to statistics, at present, China's marine economy accounts for only about 10% of the total GDP.

In addition, regarding the problems existing in the development of China's marine economy, it is mainly focused on coastal development, utilization of light and deep sea areas; heavy resource development, light marine ecological benefits; focusing on immediate interests, light and long-term development planning, so-called “triple” and “ "Three light" contradictions are more serious.

Moreover, from the perspective of regional industrial distribution, similar industrial park construction and similar industrial structure; more traditional industries and fewer new industries; comparison of “two, two, or two” issues with high energy consumption and low carbon industries prominent. At the same time, there are still many disputes between China and its neighboring countries in the demarcation of sea areas, the ownership of islands, and the exploitation of resources. Ocean development still faces enormous risks.

What is more, the homogeneity and convergence of the marine industry are serious. For example, the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone all use marine fisheries, coastal tourism, and marine transportation as the pillar industries of the sea. The proportion of other industries is still relatively low. In provinces with a relatively high total marine production value, in addition to fishing, tourism, and transportation, other industries such as electricity, petroleum, chemicals, and ships have gradually become pillar industries, with an increasing proportion, while other provinces with a relatively small output value are mainly Depends on the development of fisheries, tourism and transportation.

In addition, the layout of the port industries along the coast is similar. For example, the focus of Liaoning coastal economic belt construction is transportation, equipment manufacturing, raw material processing, heavy chemical industry, electric power industry, etc.; Hebei Province gives priority to the development of Lingang industry, including steel, petrochemical, heavy chemical, energy; Tianjin also develops , Petrochemicals, and seawater utilization, etc.; Shandong is energetically developing port-building industries such as shipbuilding, steel, petrochemicals, and marine energy, and the Bohai Rim industry tends to be homogeneous. Such development will bring about a new round of industrial structure and layout adjustment.

However, the imbalance in the distribution of marine industries in the coastal areas and the convergence of industries among cities have resulted in the overexploitation and insufficiency of development of some marine resources. The development of coastal lands and seas has been unbalanced and the coastal waters are seriously polluted. 80% of major pollutants originate from land. The contradiction between coastal development and construction, ocean expansion and marine ecological environment protection is more prominent.

2. The offshore resources are facing exhaustion

Consistent with the over-exploitation in the offshore areas and the lack of development in the open sea, the offshore marine resources are facing exhaustion. Moreover, in our country, the conflicts between marine development and marine ecology, resources, and the environment have become increasingly fierce and increasingly complex.

At present, most of the marine industry activities and development and utilization activities take place in coastal waters, and the offshore development shows a clear overstatement. The available tidal flats and shallow seas are saturated. The shoreline development is chaotic. 70% of the sandy shores are heavily eroded. More than 50% of the tidal wetlands are lost. Most of the economic fish in the offshore areas are no longer paralyzed, resulting in overfishing, pollution and habitat destruction. There is a growing shortage of marine living resources.

Coupled with the current problems of the marine ecological environment, the problem is manifested in the evolution from a single pollution problem to a combined effect of environmental pollution and ecological destruction. Making the marine environment governance and recovery tasks arduous.

According to investigations by authoritative departments, pollution in coastal waters has worsened, and the deterioration of the ecosystems in coastal waters has not yet been effectively mitigated. Most of the ecosystems such as bays, estuaries, and coastal wetlands are still in a sub-healthy or unhealthy state. In 2009, the total area of ​​sea areas that did not meet the standards for clean water quality was approximately 147,000 square kilometers, an increase of 7.3% over the previous year. 73.7% of the pollutants discharged into the sea exceeded the discharge limits, and some of the sewage outlets in the adjacent sea areas showed increasing environmental pollution.

Moreover, coastal unreasonable marine development and utilization activities have brought about structural imbalances and functional degradation of ecosystems, severely damaged typical ecosystems, reduced biodiversity, rare and endangered species, and lost or changed typical habitats such as bays, estuaries, and coastal wetlands. The problem became even more prominent. The frequency and intensity of outbreaks of ecological disasters such as red tides continued to increase, and the health of the ecosystem was severely impaired, and the service function was rapidly declining.

At the same time, with the further increase of population and economic density in the coastal areas, the task of preventing and reducing disasters in the oceans is extremely difficult. The losses caused by natural disasters such as typhoons, storm surges, giant waves, and tsunami of the same intensity have multiplied. Affected by global climate change, rising sea levels in China have intensified the level of marine disasters. The direct economic losses caused by ocean disasters increased from an annual average of 3 billion yuan in the 1980s to more than 14 billion yuan in the 1990s and 10.023 billion yuan in 2009.

3. Accelerate maritime legislation

A consensus on the development of China’s marine economy is that although China is a maritime power, it is not yet a maritime power. One of the root causes of this result is the relatively weak ability of scientific and technological innovation.

At present, the self-sufficiency rate of key marine technologies in China is low, and the number of invention patents is small. According to statistics, the conversion rate of marine scientific and technological achievements in China is less than 20%; the contribution rate of marine science and technology to the marine economy is only about 30%, and some developed countries have reached 70%- 80%. The gap between China’s marine science and technology equipment is relatively large, and the situation in which major marine instruments rely on imports has not been fundamentally changed. Compared with advanced manufacturing countries such as Europe, the United States, and South Korea, there are areas in which deep sea resources are explored and For environmental observations, technical equipment is still relatively backward.

Based on this, during the coming "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, China will continue to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and technology, strengthen marine fundamental theory and forward-looking technology research, improve the marine science system, and build marine science and technology industrialization bases;

In addition, in order to understand the bottom of the family and fully grasp the development of the marine economy in the coastal areas, the State Oceanic Administration will carry out a survey of marine economic census throughout the country in the next 2-3 years.

China will also expedite legislation in the marine sector, conduct in-depth research on the early legislation of the Ocean Basic Law and other laws, and promote the effective implementation of the "Law of the sea", "Law of the Sea", and "The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of the Marine Environment," and step up efforts to formulate corresponding supporting systems. It will also study and formulate the "Ocean Observation and Forecast Regulations" and "Regulations on the Management of Antarctic Exploratory Activities."

In terms of enhancing the protection capacity of marine economic development, total discharge control of pollutant discharge in key sea areas will be implemented, and comprehensive environmental improvement and ecological restoration of key sea areas and islands will be carried out; surveys and assessments of international seabed and high seas resources will continue to be carried out and the country will be accelerated. Deep sea bases and polar expeditions have provided strong support for the healthy and orderly development of the marine economy.

4. First Land and Ocean Coordinator

More obvious strategic adjustments have begun.

In the "CPC Central Committee's Proposal for Formulating the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the National Economy and Society" passed by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, it is clearly stated that "adhere to the overall planning of the land and sea and formulate and implement the marine development strategy, Improve marine development, control, and comprehensive management capabilities, scientifically plan marine economic development, develop marine oil and gas, transportation, and fishery industries, rationally develop and utilize marine resources, strengthen fishing port construction, and protect islands, coastal areas, and marine ecological environments. To safeguard China’s maritime rights and interests.”

This is considered to be a major strategic shift in the direction of ocean development under the current international and domestic situation facing China.

The 16th and 17th National Party Congress put forward the major strategies of "implementing marine development" and "developing the marine industry." The Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development is devoted to the deployment of marine work, emphasizing “strengthening marine awareness, safeguarding marine rights and interests, protecting marine ecology, developing marine resources, implementing integrated marine management, and promoting the development of marine economy”.

From the perspective of specific marine planning, on May 9, 2003, the State Council officially issued the Outline of the National Plan for the Development of Marine Economy. This is the first grand blueprint and programmatic document formulated by our country to guide the development of the nation’s marine economy, and it is a landmark in the development of the marine economy. On February 7, 2008, the State Council officially issued the Outline of the National Plan for the Development of Marine Enterprises as a programmatic document guiding the development of the nation’s marine industry. It put forward “enhancing the regulation, guidance, and service for the development of the marine economy.” It is a new situation. The basic basis for the development of China's marine economic development ideas and directions. These two “Outline” are the programmatic documents that guide the development of China’s current marine economy and clarify the general ideas and measures for the development of the marine economy in China.

Based on the communiqué of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee, it is worthwhile to see that under the strategic principle of land and sea co-ordination, the development of China's marine economy will have a new breakthrough.

5. The development of coastal areas enters a new phase

In connection with the new thinking of the overall strategic strategy of land and sea in the new era, the development of coastal regions in China has also entered a new stage.

On January 4, the State Council approved the "Planning of the Blue Peninsula Economic Zone in Shandong Province", which was the first national development strategy approved in the opening year of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", and was also the first region in China to have the theme of marine economy. development strategy.

In response, Wang Dianchang, director of the Department of Policy, Regulation, and Planning of the State Oceanic Administration, publicly stated that this marks the beginning of the pilot phase of the nation’s marine economic development.

In addition, since 2006, the State Council has successively approved 10 coastal area plans from the north to the south, the Liaoning Coastal Economic Belt, the Tianjin Binhai New Area, the Shandong Yellow River Delta Efficient Ecological Economic Zone, the Jiangsu Coastal Area, the Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone, and the Fujian Strait West Bank. The Economic Zone, the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, the Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Zone, and the Hainan International Tourism Island are arranged in the coastal regions. Accompanied by the approval of the State Council for coastal area planning, they have successively risen into national strategies. The economic layout of China's coastal regions has gradually become complete, and the development and opening up of coastal regions has entered a new stage of development.

At this point, relying on the advantages of marine location, the economic development pattern of “3+N” in coastal areas has basically taken shape.

During the "12th Five-Year Plan" period, accelerating the development of the marine economy is also expected to be achieved through the traction and radiation effects of the ocean, promoting regional coordinated development, promoting the regional marine industry clustering and large-scale development, and building the coastal areas into China's participation in the economy. The strategic region of global competition provides a continuous source of power for the implementation of the eastern development strategy.

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